Die urbane Mobilitätswende messbar machen? Konzeption und Anwendung eines Mobilitätswendeindex am Beispiel der Städte Darmstadt, Frankfurt und Wiesbaden

Julius Bücher; Johannes Aertker; Christian Neumann; Thomas Klinger; Martin Lanzendorf

doi:10.14512/rur.2277

Authors

Julius Bücher Institut für Humangeographie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4223-911X
Johannes Aertker ILS - Research Institute for Regional and Urban Development
Christian Neumann utopicode
Thomas Klinger ILS - Research Institute for Regional and Urban Development https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1296-5948
Martin Lanzendorf Institut für Humangeographie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3465-7695

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14512/rur.2277

Keywords:

Socio-ecological transformation, Mobility cultures, Urban mobility, Indicators , Governance

Abstract

This paper discusses an index based on the concept of mobility cultures for measuring the socio-ecological transformation of urban mobility, also referred to as the mobility transition. This index, termed the Mobility Transition Index, aims to enable municipal policymakers and planners to quantitatively assess progress in implementing the mobility transition. The uniqueness of the index lies in the consideration of both objective and subjective data, as well as the goal of incorporating as many open data sources as possible. In workshops with local experts of statistics and transport planning, the indicator set was discussed in terms of its applicability and the availability of additional data. Finally, a set of 78 measurement indicators and 16 core indicators for calculating the Mobility Transition Index emerged. Next, the index was calculated for three cities (Darmstadt, Frankfurt am Main, Wiesbaden), and discussed with experts again. The results demonstrate the potential of the index for analysing changes in urban mobility cultures. Furthermore, we identified a predominance of data related to the built environment and travel behaviour, but a lack of data for transport policy and planning, as well as for discourses and communication. We concluded that additionally to the necessity for collecting such data more extensively, a need arises for the critical examination of existing datasets and their contribution for the urban transformation of transport.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

ADFC – Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club (2023): ADFC Fahrradklima-Test 2022. Ergebnistabelle. https://fahrradklima-test.adfc.de/fileadmin/BV/FKT/Download-Material/Ergebnisse_2022/ADFC-Fahrradklima-Test_2022_Ergebnistabelle_Druck_Gesamt_A3_230404.pdf (27.10.2024).

Al Mamun, M.; Lownes, N. (2011): A Composite Index of Public Transit Accessibility. In: Journal of Public Transportation 14, 2, 69–87. https://doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.14.2.4

Alonso, A.; Monzón A.; Cascajo, R. (2015): Comparative analysis of passenger transport sustainability in European cities. In: Ecological Indicators 48, 578–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.09.022

Bamberg, S.; Rollin, A.; Schulte, A. (2020): Local mobility culture as injunctive normative beliefs – A theoretical approach and a related measurement instrument. In: Journal of Environmental Psychology 71, 101465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101465

Barrigón Morillas, J. M.; Rey Gozalo, G.; Montes González, D.; Moraga, P. A.; Vílchez-Gómez, R. (2018): Noise Pollution and Urban Planning. In: Current Pollution Reports 4, 3, 208–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-018-0095-7

Bartsokas Tsiompras, A.; Photis, Y. N. (2017): What matters when it comes to “Walk and the city”? Defining a weighted GIS-based walkability index. In: Transportation Research Procedia 24, 523–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.06.001

Bertolini, L. (2020): From “streets for traffic” to “streets for people”: Can street experiments transform urban mobility? In: Transport Reviews 40, 6, 734–753. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2020.1761907

Blees, V.; Molter, U.; Steinhauer, I. (2019): Modifizierung der Stellplatzsatzung als Beitrag zu nachhaltigerem Verkehr. Der innovative Ansatz der Stadt Oberursel (Taunus). In: Internationales Verkehrswesen 71, 3, 27–30. https://doi.org/10.25716/pur-69

Bücher, J. (2023): Indikatorengestützte Ansätze zur nachhaltigen urbanen Mobilität: Ergebnisse einer Literaturanalyse. Frankfurt am Main. https://doi.org/10.21248/gups.69036

Castillo, H.; Pitfield, D. E. (2010): ELASTIC – A methodological framework for identifying and selecting sustainable transport indicators. In: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 15, 4, 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2009.09.002

Cervero, R.; Caldwell, B.; Cuellar, J. (2013): Bike-and-Ride: Build It and They Will Come. In: Journal of Public Transportation 16, 4, 83–105. https://doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.16.4.5

Coenen, L.; Benneworth, P.; Truffer, B. (2012): Toward a spatial perspective on sustainability transitions. In: Research Policy 41, 6, 968–979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.02.014

Collins, C.; Hasan, S.; Ukkusuri, S. (2013): A Novel Transit Rider Satisfaction Metric. Rider Sentiments Measured from Online Social Media Data. In: Journal of Public Transportation 16, 2, 21–45. https://doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.16.2.2

Copenhagenize Design Company (2023): Copenhagenize. https://copenhagenizeindex.eu/about/methodology/ (27.10.2024).

Da Silva, A. N.; Da Costa, M.; Ramos R. A. (2010): Development and Application of I_SUM: an index of sustainable urban mobility. https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/18445/1/TRB2010-0767.pdf (14.11.2024).

Danielis, R.; Rotaris, L.; Monte, A. (2018): Composite indicators of sustainable urban mobility: Estimating the rankings frequency distribution combining multiple methodologies. In: International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 12, 5, 380–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2017.1377789

Davis, K. E.; Kingsbury, B.; Merry, S. E. (2012): Indicators as a Technology of Global Governance. In: Law and Society Review 46, 1, 71–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2012.00473.x

Deffner, J.; Götz, K.; Schubert, S.; Potting, C.; Stete, G.; Tschann, A.; Loose, W. (2006): Entwicklung eines integrierten Konzepts der Planung, Kommunikation und Implementierung einer nachhaltigen, multioptionalen Mobilitätskultur. Frankfurt am Main.

De Freitas Miranda, H.; Da Silva, A. N. (2012): Benchmarking sustainable urban mobility: The case of Curitiba, Brazil. In: Transport Policy 21, 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.03.009

De Vos, J.; Singleton, P. A.; Gärling, T. (2021): From attitude to satisfaction: introducing the travel mode choice cycle. In: Transport Reviews 42, 2, 204–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2021.1958952

Döring, N.; Bortz, J. (2016): Forschungsmethoden und Evaluation in den Sozial- und Humanwissenschaften. Berlin.

Drexler, C. E.; Verse, B., Hauslbauer, A.; Lopez, J.; Haider, S. (2022): Framing the mobility transition: Public communication of industry, science, media, and politics in Germany. In: Energy, Sustainability and Society 12, 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-022-00374-0

Eren, E.; Uz, V. E. (2020): A review on bike-sharing: The factors affecting bike-sharing demand. In: Sustainable Cities and Society 54, 101882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101882

Fina, S.; Gerten, C.; Pondi, B.; D’Arcy, L.; O’Reilly, N.; Vale, D. S.; Pereira, M.; Zilio, S. (2022): OS-WALK-EU: An open-source tool to assess health-promoting residential walkability of European city structures. In: Journal of Transport and Health 27, 101486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2022.101486

Frank, L. D.; Sallis, J. F.; Saelens B. E.; Leary, L.; Cain, K.; Conway, T. L.; Hess P. M. (2010): The development of a walkability index. Application to the Neighborhood Quality of Life Study. In: British Journal of Sports Medicine 44, 13, 924–933. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.058701

Gillis, D.; Semanjski, I.; Lauwers, D. (2016): How to Monitor Sustainable Mobility in Cities? Literature Review in the Frame of Creating a Set of Sustainable Mobility Indicators. In: Sustainability 8, 1, 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8010029

Göddeke, D.; Krauss, K.; Gnann, T. (2022): What is the role of carsharing toward a more sustainable transport behavior? Analysis of data from 80 major German cities. In: International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 16, 9, 861–873. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2021.1949078

Götz, K.; Deffner, J. (2009): Eine neue Mobilitätskultur in der Stadt. Praktische Schritte zur Veränderung. In: BMVBS – Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (Hrsg.): Urbane Mobilität. Verkehrsforschung des Bundes für die kommunale Praxis. Bremerhaven, 39–52.

Götz, K.; Deffner, J.; Klinger, T. (2016): Mobilitätsstile und Mobilitätskulturen – Erklärungspotenziale, Rezeption und Kritik. In: Schwedes, O.; Canzler, W.; Knie A. (Hrsg.); Handbuch Verkehrspolitik. Wiesbaden, 781–804. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-04693-4_34

Groth, S.; Hesping, H.; Klinger, T.; Eggebrecht, R.; Flamm, E.; Groicher, N. (2023): Nachhaltige Mobilitätswende: Mobilität in den Medien. Dessau-Roßlau. = UBA-Texte 56/2023.

Haghshenas, H.; Vaziri, M. (2012): Urban sustainable transportation indicators for global comparison. In: Ecological Indicators 15, 1, 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.09.010

Haustein, S.; Koglin, T.; Sick Nielsen T. A.; Svensson, Å. (2020): A comparison of cycling cultures in Stockholm and Copenhagen. In: International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 14, 4, 280–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2018.1547463

Haustein, S.; Sick Nielsen T. A. (2016): European mobility cultures: A survey-based cluster analysis across 28 European countries. In: Journal of Transport Geography 54, 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.05.014

Hekler, M.; Drews, F.; Gertz, C.; Schwedes, O. (2022): Push & Pull: Aktueller Forschungsstand. In: Internationales Verkehrswesen 74, 4, 20–24. https://doi.org/10.24053/IV-2022-0072

Hille, C.; Gather, M. (2022): Ergebnisbericht „Das 9‑Euro-Ticket hat mir gezeigt, dass man nicht alleine sein muss.“ – Mit dem 9‑Euro-Ticket zu mehr sozialer Teilhabe? Ergebnisse einer Befragung von einkommensschwachen Haushalten zur Wirkung des 9‑Euro-Tickets auf das Mobilitätsverhalten und ausgewählte Dimensionen der sozialen Teilhabe. Erfurt. = Berichte des Instituts Verkehr und Raum 29.

Holz-Rau, C.; Heyer, R.; Schultewolter, M.; Aertker, J.; Wachter, I.; Klinger, T. (2022): Eine Verkehrstypologie deutscher Großstädte. In: Raumforschung und Raumordnung | Spatial Research and Planning 80, 2, 137–152. https://doi.org/10.14512/rur.95

Hoor, M. (2020): Mobilitätskulturen: Über die Notwendigkeit einer kulturellen Perspektive der integrierten Verkehrsplanung. Berlin. https://doi.org/10.26128/2023.55

Joumard, R.; Gudmundsson, H. (2010): Indicators of environmental sustainability in transport. An interdisciplinary approach to methods. Bron.

Kister, J.; Dorn, F.M.; Hafner, R. (2024): Framing social-ecological transformation as a geographical concept. In: Geography Compass 18, 4, e12744. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12744

Kitchin, R.; Lauriault, T. P.; McArdle, G. (2015): Knowing and governing cities through urban indicators, city benchmarking and real-time dashboards. In: Regional Studies, Regional Science 2, 1, 6–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2014.983149

Klinger, T. (2017). Städtische Mobilitätskulturen und Wohnumzüge. Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-17231-2

Klinger, T.; Kenworthy J. R.; Lanzendorf, M. (2013): Dimensions of urban mobility cultures – a comparison of German cities. In: Journal of Transport Geography 31, 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.05.002

Klinger, T.; Lanzendorf, M. (2016): Moving between mobility cultures: what affects the travel behavior of new residents? In: Transportation 43, 2, 243–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-014-9574-x

Klopp, J. M.; Petretta, D. L. (2017): The urban sustainable development goal: Indicators, complexity and the politics of measuring cities. In: Cities 63, 92–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.12.019

Krenn, P. J.; Oja, P.; Titze, S. (2015): Development of a Bikeability Index to Assess the Bicycle-Friendliness of Urban Environments. In: Open Journal of Civil Engineering 5, 4, 451–459. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2015.54045

Kromrey, H.; Strübing, J. (2009): Empirische Sozialforschung: Modelle und Methoden der standardisierten Datenerhebung und Datenauswertung. Stuttgart.

Latcheva, R.; Davidov, E. (2014): Skalen und Indizes. In: Baur, N.; Blasius, J. (Hrsg.): Handbuch Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung. Wiesbaden, 745–756. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-18939-0_55

Lehtonen, M. (2013): The non-use and influence of UK Energy Sector Indicators. In: Ecological Indicators 35, 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.10.026

Lehtonen, M.; Sébastien, L.; Bauler, T. (2016): The multiple roles of sustainability indicators in informational governance: Between intended use and unanticipated influence. In: Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 18, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.05.009

Litman, T. (2009): Sustainable Transportation Indicators: A Recommended Research Program for Developing Sustainable Transportation Indicators and Data. Washington, DC.

Loorbach, D. (2022): Designing radical transitions: A plea for a new governance culture to empower deep transformative change. In: City, Territory and Architecture 9, 1, 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40410-022-00176-z

Loorbach, D.; Schwanen, T.; Doody, B. J.; Arnfalk, P.; Langeland, O.; Farstad, E. (2021): Transition governance for just, sustainable urban mobility: An experimental approach from Rotterdam, the Netherlands. In: Journal of Urban Mobility 1, 100009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urbmob.2021.100009

Manderscheid, K. (2020): Antriebs‑, Verkehrs- oder Mobilitätswende? Zur Elektrifizierung des Automobilitätsdispositivs. In: Brunnengräber A.; Haas T. (Hrsg.): Baustelle Elektromobilität. Sozialwissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf die Transformation der (Auto‑)Mobilität. Bielefeld, 37–68. https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839451656-003

Marín, J. L. (2022): Open data in transport and urban mobility research projects. https://datos.gob.es/en/blog/open-data-transport-and-urban-mobility-research-projects (24.10.2024).

OECD – Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (2008): Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators: Methodology and User Guide. Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264043466-en

ÖROK – Österreichische Raumordnungskonferenz (2022): Die österreichweiten ÖV-Güteklassen: Rahmen, Struktur & Beispiele. Wien. = Materialien 10.

Parkhurst, G.; Meek, S. (2014): The Effectiveness of Park-and-Ride as a Policy Measure for More Sustainable Mobility. In: Ison, S.; Mulley, C. (Hrsg.): Parking: Issues and Policies. Bingley, 185–211. = Transport and Sustainability 5. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2044-994120140000005020

Rammert, A. (2022): Der Mobilitätsindex. Entwicklung eines integrierten Planungsinstruments für Mobilität. Münster. https://doi.org/10.52038/9783643250520

Rammert, A. (2023): Entwicklung und Anwendung eines raumbezogenen Index für Mobilität. In: Raumforschung und Raumordnung | Spatial Research and Planning 81, 3, 225–238. https://doi.org/10.14512/rur.207

Rietveld, P.; Daniel, V. (2004): Determinants of bicycle use: Do municipal policies matter? In: Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 38, 7, 531–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2004.05.003

Rozynek, C.; Lanzendorf, M. (2023): How does low income affect older people’s travel practices? Findings of a qualitative case study on the links between financial poverty, mobility and social participation. In: Travel Behaviour and Society 30, 312–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2022.10.003

Sander, H. (2020): Die Berliner Verkehrswende. Von der auto- zur mobilitätsgerechten Stadt. Berlin.

Schmid-Querg, J.; Keler, A.; Grigoropoulos, G. (2021): The Munich Bikeability Index: A Practical Approach for Measuring Urban Bikeability. In: Sustainability 13, 1, 428. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010428

Schmitz, J.; Fina, S.; Gerten, C. (2023): Wie fußgängerfreundlich sind deutsche Großstädte? Neue Ergebnisse aus der Walkability-Forschung. In: Raumforschung und Raumordnung | Spatial Research and Planning 81, 4, 327–341. https://doi.org/10.14512/rur.1664

Sheller, M.; Urry, J. (2006): The new mobilites paradigm. In: Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 38, 2, 207–226. https://doi.org/10.1068/a37268

Souza Santos, A.; Kahn Ribeiro, S. (2015): The role of transport indicators to the improvement of local governance in Rio de Janeiro City: A contribution for the debate on sustainable future. In: Case Studies on Transport Policy 3, 4, 415–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2015.08.006

te Brömmelstroet, M.; Mladenović, M. N.; Nikolaeva, A.; Gaziulusoy I., Ferreira, A.; Schmidt-Thomé, K.; Ritvos, R.; Sousa, S.; Bergsma, B. (2022): Identifying, nurturing and empowering alternative mobility narratives. In: Journal of Urban Mobility 2, 100031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urbmob.2022.100031

Ternes, V.; Marsden, G.; Harrison, G. (2024): A just transition or just a transition? The understanding and relevance of fairness in planning for a decarbonised transport system. In: Energy Research and Social Science 113, 103549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2024.103549

Tsavachidis, M.; Le Petit, Y. (2022): Re-shaping urban mobility – Key to Europe’s green transition. In: Journal of Urban Mobility 2, 100014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urbmob.2022.100014

Tumidata (2023): Our Vision. Open data is key to efficient & stustainable transport systems for everyone. https://tumidata.org/our-vision/ (24.10.2024).

van den Hurk, M.; Pelzer, P.; Riemens, R. (2021): Governance challenges of mobility platforms: The case of Merwede, Utrecht. In: European Transport Research Review 13, 1, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-021-00483-5

Vanoutrive, T.; Huyse, H. (2023): Revisiting modal split as an urban sustainability indicator using citizen science. In: Cities 143, 104592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104592

WBGU – Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltveränderungen (2016): Der Umzug der Menschheit: Die transformative Kraft der Städte. Berlin.

Winters, M.; Brauer, M.; Setton, E. M.; Teschke, K. (2013): Mapping Bikeability: A Spatial Tool to Support Sustainable Travel. In: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 40, 5, 865–883. https://doi.org/10.1068/b38185

Wolfram, M. (2016): Conceptualizing urban transformative capacity: A framework for research and policy. In: Cities 51, 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.11.011