Children’s Mobility. State of the Research and Planning Concepts

Joachim Scheiner

doi:10.2478/rara-2019-0037

Authors

Joachim Scheiner Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät Raumplanung, Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und VerkehrsplanungDortmund, Deutschland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.2478/rara-2019-0037

Keywords:

Children‘s travel behaviour, Independent mobility, Travel mode choice, School trip, School transport

Abstract

Children’s travel behaviour has emerged as a research field in the past years that can hardly be overseen anymore, yet Germany has remained remarkably silent in this field. The motivations for this research are primarily in the increase in being driven at the expense of non-motorised and/or independent mobility of children. This trend has negative implications for the development and health of the children, and it raises problems in traffic safety, the environment and more. The paper gives an overview of the research field. It discusses research foci, methods, and factors that affect children’s mobility. What is more, it discusses the – rather scarce – practical literature and shows ways how to support non-motorised and/or independent mobility of children.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

ADAC – Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club (2018): Das Elterntaxi an Grundschulen. Ein Leitfaden für die Praxis. München.

Ahern, S. M.; Arnott, B.; Chatterton, T.; de Nazelle, A.; Kellar, I.; McEachan, R. R. C. (2017): Understanding parents‘ school travel choices: A qualitative study using the Theoretical Domains Framework. In: Journal of Transport and Health 4, 278-293. doi: 10.1016/j.jth.2016.11.00110.1016/j.jth.2016.11.001

Ahrend, C. (2002): Mobilitätsstrategien zehnjähriger Jungen und Mädchen als Grundlage städtischer Verkehrsplanung. Münster.

Alparone, F. R.; Pacilli, M. G. (2012): On children’s independent mobility: the interplay of demographic, environmental, and psychosocial factors. In: Children’s Geographies 10, 1, 109-122. doi: 10.1080/14733285.2011.63817310.1080/14733285.2011.638173

Apel, P. (2018): Verkehrsplanung – wir machen mit. Praxisbeispiele für kinderfreundliche Stadtplanung. In: Bracher, T.; Dziekan, K.; Gies, J.; Huber, F.; Kiepe, F.; Reutter, U.; Saary, K.; Schwedes, O. (Hrsg.): Handbuch der kommunalen Verkehrsplanung, 80. Ergänzungs-Lieferung, Kapitel 3.2.6.4. Berlin.

Appleyard, B. (2017): The meaning of livable streets to schoolchildren: An image mapping study of the effects of traffic on children’s cognitive development of spatial knowledge. In: Journal of Transport and Health 5, 27-41. doi: 10.1016/j. jth.2016.08.00210.1016/j.jth.2016.08.002

Barker, J. (2011): ‘Manic Mums’ and ‘Distant Dads’? Gendered geographies of care and the journey to school. In: Health and Place 17, 2, 413-421. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.04.00110.1016/j.healthplace.2010.04.001

Barker, J.; Kraftl, P.; Horton, J.; Tucker, F. (2009): The road less travelled – New directions in children’s and young people’s mobility. In: Mobilities 4, 1, 1-10. doi: 10.1080/1745010080265793910.1080/17450100802657939

Bates, B.; Stone, M. R. (2015): Measures of outdoor play and independent mobility in children and youth: A methodological review. In: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 18, 5, 545-552. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.07.00610.1016/j.jsams.2014.07.00625128461

Birth, S.; Janitzek, T.; Staadt, H. (2013): Schul- und Spielwegsicherheit. Ein Leitfaden für Lehrkräfte, Eltern und Planer. Oberkrämer.

Blees, V.; Vogel, J.; Wieskotten, G. (2013): Schulisches Mobilitätsmanagement. Sichere und nachhaltige Mobilität für Kinder und Jugendliche. Frankfurt am Main.

Broberg, A.; Salminen, S.; Kyttä, M. (2013): Physical environmental characteristics promoting independent and active transport to children’s meaningful places. In: Applied Geography 38, 43-52. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.11.01410.1016/j.apgeog.2012.11.014

Buckley, A.; Lowry, M.B.; Brown, H.; Barton, B. (2013): Evaluating safe routes to school events that designate days for walking and bicycling. In: Transport Policy 30, 294-300. doi: 10.1016/j. tranpol.2013.09.02110.1016/j.tranpol.2013.09.021

Carver, A.; Timperio, A.; Crawford, D. (2013): Parental chauffeurs: what drives their transport choice? In: Journal of Transport Geography 26, 72-77. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.08.01710.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.08.017

Carver, A.; Veitch, J.; Sahlqvist, S.; Crawford, D.; Hume, C. (2014): Active transport, independent mobility and territorial range among children residing in disadvantaged areas. In: Journal of Transport and Health 1, 4, 267-273. doi: 10.1016/j. jth.2014.01.00410.1016/j.jth.2014.01.004

Collins, D.; Kearns, R. A. (2010): Walking school buses in the Auckland region: A longitudinal assessment. In: Transport Policy 17, 1, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2009.06.00310.1016/j.tranpol.2009.06.003

Easton, S.; Ferrari, E. (2015): Children’s travel to school – the interaction of individual, neighbourhood and school factors. In: Transport Policy 44, 9-18. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.05.02310.1016/j.tranpol.2015.05.023

Ellegard, K.; Svedin, U. (2012): Torsten Hägerstrand’s time-geography as the cradle of the activity approach in transport geography. In: Journal of Transport Geography 23, 17-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.03.02310.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.03.023

Engwicht, D. (1992): Towards an Eco-City: Calming the Traffic. Sydney.

FGSV – Forschungsgesellschaft für Straßen- und Verkehrswesen (2010): Hinweise zur Integration der Belange von Kindern in die Verkehrsplanung, Ausgabe 2010. Köln.

Fitch, D. T.; Rhemtulla, M.; Handy, S. L. (2018): The relation of the road environment and bicycling attitudes to usual travel mode to school in teenagers. In: Transportation Research Part A. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2018.06.013

Flade, A. (1999): Begleitung und Transport von Kindern. In: Flade, A.; Limbourg, M. (Hrsg.): Frauen und Männer in der mobilen Gesellschaft. Opladen, 257-262. doi: 10.1007/978-3-322-95149-6

Frater, J.; Kuijer, R.; Kingham, S. (2017): Why adolescents don’t bicycle to school: Does the prototype/willingness model augment the theory of planned behaviour to explain intentions? In: Transportation Research Part F 46, 250-259. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2017.03.00510.1016/j.trf.2017.03.005

Funk, W. (2008): Mobilität von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Langfristige Trends der Änderung ihres Verkehrsverhaltens. Nürnberg. = Materialien aus dem Institut für empirische Soziologie an der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg.

GDV – Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft (2010): Planerheft Schulwegsicherung. Berlin.

Guliani, A.; Mitra, R.; Buliung, R. N.; Larsen, K.; Faulkner, G. E. J. (2015): Gender-based differences in school travel mode choice behaviour: Examining the relationship between the neighbourhood environment and perceived traffic safety. In: Journal of Transport and Health 2, 4, 502-511. doi: 10.1016/j. jth.2015.08.00810.1016/j.jth.2015.08.008

He, S. Y. (2013): Will you escort your child to school? The effect of spatial and temporal constraints of parental employment. In: Applied Geography 42, 116-123. doi: 10.1016/j. apgeog.2013.05.00310.1016/j.apgeog.2013.05.003

He, S. Y.; Giuliano, G. (2017): Factors affecting children’s journeys to school: a joint escort-mode choice model. In: Transportation 44, 1, 199-224. doi: 10.1007/s11116-015-9634-x10.1007/s11116-015-9634-x

Helbich, M. (2017): Children’s school commuting in the Netherlands: Does it matter how urban form is incorporated in mode choice models? In: International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 11, 7, 507-517. doi: 10.1080/15568318.2016.127589210.1080/15568318.2016.1275892

Herget, M. (2016): Mobilität von Familien im ländlichen Raum. Wiesbaden. doi: 10.1007/978-3-658-11068-0

Hillman, M.; Adams, J.; Whitelegg, J. (1990): One False Move… A Study of Children’s Independent Mobility. London.

Ho, C.; Mulley, C. (2015): Intra-household interactions in transport research: a review. In: Transport Reviews 35, 1, 33-55. doi: 10.1080/01441647.2014.99374510.1080/01441647.2014.993745

Hsu, H.-P.; Saphores, J.-D. (2014): Impacts of parental gender and attitudes on children’s school travel mode and parental chauffeuring behavior: results for California based on the 2009 National Household Travel Survey. In: Transportation 41, 3, 543-565. doi: 10.1007/s11116-013-9500-710.1007/s11116-013-9500-7

Kamargianni, M.; Dubey, S.; Polydoropoulou, A.; Bhat, C. (2015): Investigating the subjective and objective factors influencing teenagers’ school travel mode choice – An integrated choice and latent variable model. In: Transportation Research Part A 78, 473-488. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2015.06.011

Kamargianni, M.; Polydoropoulou, A.; Goulias, K. G. (2012): Teenager’s travel patterns for school and after-school activities. In: Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 48, 3635-3650. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.132610.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.1326

Kramer, C. (2009): „Taxi Mama“ und noch mehr: Wegezeiten für Haushalt und Kinderbetreuung. In: Heitkötter, M.; Jurczyk, K.; Lange, A.; Meier-Gräwe, U. (Hrsg.): Zeit für Beziehungen? Zeit und Zeitpolitik für Familien. Opladen, 319-347.

Krause, J. (2002): Mobilität und Raumaneignung von Kindern. In: Planerin 3, 13-15.

Kyttä, M.; Hirvonen, J.; Rudner, J.; Pirjola, I.; Laatikainen, T. (2015): The last free-range children? Children’s independent mobility in Finland in the 1990s and 2010s. In: Journal of Transport Geography, 47, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.07.00410.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.07.004

Larouche, R.; Mammen, G.; Rowe, D. A.; Faulkner, G. (2018): Effectiveness of active school transport interventions: A systematic review and update. In: BMC Public Health 18, 1, 206-Seite. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-5005-110.1186/s12889-017-5005-1

Leven, T.; Leven, J. (2018): Elterntaxis sind vermeidbar. In: Mobilogisch 2, 7-10.

Loebach, J. E.; Gilliland, J. A. (2016): Free range kids? Using GPS-derived activity spaces to examine children’s neighborhood activity and mobility. In: Environment and Behavior 48, 3, 421-453. doi: 10.1177/001391651454317710.1177/0013916514543177

Lopes, F.; Cordovil, R.; Neto, C. (2014): Children’s independent mobility in Portugal: effects of urbanization degree and motorized modes of travel. In: Journal of Transport Geography 41, 210-219. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.10.00210.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.10.002

Mammen, G. (2016): School Travel Planning in Canada: A Holistic Examination of Program Impact on Active School Travel. PhD thesis, Graduate Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Toronto.

Manz, W.; Bauer, U.; Herget, M.; Scheiner, J. (2015): Familienmobilität im Alltag. Herausforderungen und Handlungsempfehlungen. Schlussbericht des Projektes „Determinanten und Handlungsansätze der Familienmobilität“ des Bundesministeriums für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur. Berlin.

McDonald, N.; Steiner, R. L.; Lee, C.; Smith, T. R.; Zhu, X.; Yan, Y. (2014): Impact of the Safe Routes to School Program on Walking and Bicycling. In: Journal of the American Planning Association 80, 2, 153-167. doi: 10.1080/01944363.2014.95665410.1080/01944363.2014.956654

Mitra, R.; Buliung, R. N. (2015): Exploring differences in school travel mode choice behaviour between children and youth. In: Transport Policy 42, 4-11. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.04.00510.1016/j.tranpol.2015.04.005

Moran, M. R.; Plaut, P.; Epel, O. B. (2016): Do children walk where they bike? Exploring built environment correlates of children’s walking and bicycling. In: Journal of Transport and Land Use 9, 2, 43-65. doi: 10.5198/jtlu.2015.556

Motte-Baumvol, B.; Bonin, O.; Belton-Chevallier, L. (2017): Who escort children: mum or dad? Exploring gender differences in escorting mobility among parisian dual-earner couples. In: Transportation 44, 1, 139-157. doi: 10.1007/s11116-015-9630-110.1007/s11116-015-9630-1

Müller, S.; Tscharaktschiew, S.; Haase, K. (2008): Travel-to-school mode choice modelling and patterns of school choice in urban areas. In: Journal of Transport Geography 16, 5, 342-357. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2007.12.00410.1016/j.jtrangeo.2007.12.004

O’Brien, M.; Jones, D.; Sloan, D.; Rustin, M. (2000): Children’s independent spatial mobility in the urban public realm. In: Childhood 7, 3, 257-277. doi: 10.1177/090756820000700300210.1177/0907568200007003002

Oxford, L.; Pollock, J. (2015): How actively do children travel to their pre-school setting? In: Journal of Transport and Health 2, 2, 151-159. doi: 10.1016/j.jth.2015.02.00210.1016/j.jth.2015.02.002

Pabayo, R. A.; Gauvin, L.; Barnett, T. A.; Morency, P.; Nikiéma, B.; Séguin, L. (2012): Understanding the determinants of active transportation to school among children: Evidence of environmental injustice from the Quebec longitudinal study of child development. In: Health and Place 18, 2, 163-171. doi: 10.1016/j. healthplace.2011.08.01710.1016/j.healthplace.2011.08.017

Paleti, R.; Copperman, R. B.; Bhat, C. R. (2011): An empirical analysis of children’s after school out-of-home activity-location engagement patterns and time allocation. In: Transportation 38, 2, 273-303. doi: 10.1007/s11116-010-9300-210.1007/s11116-010-9300-2

Pang, B.; Kubacki, K.; Rundle-Thiele, S. (2017): Promoting active travel to school: A systematic review (2010-2016). In: BMC Public Health 17, 1, 638. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4648-210.1186/s12889-017-4648-2

Pérez-Martín, P.; Pedrós, G.; Martínez-Jiménez, P.; Varo-Martínez, M. (2018): Evaluation of a walking school bus service as an intervention for a modal shift at a primary school in Spain. In: Transport Policy 64, 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.01.00510.1016/j.tranpol.2018.01.005

Pfeiffer, C.; Baier, D.; Kliem, S. (2018): Zur Entwicklung der Gewalt in Deutschland. Schwerpunkte: Jugendliche und Flüchtlinge als Täter und Opfer. Zürich.

Prengel, H. (2018): Elterntaxis. Autofahren schadet Kindern doppelt. In: Spiegel Online, vom 9. April 2018.

Price, L.; Matthews, B. (2013): Travel time as quality time: parental attitudes to long distance travel with young children. In: Journal of Transport Geography 32, 49-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.08.00110.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.08.001

Race, D. L.; Sims-Gould, J.; Lee, N. C.; Frazer, A. D.; Voss, C.; Naylor, P.-J.; McKay, H. A. (2017): Urban and suburban children’s experiences with school travel – A case study. In: Journal of Transport and Health 4, 305-315. doi: 10.1016/j. jth.2017.01.01110.1016/j.jth.2017.01.011

Rigby, J. P. (1979): A review of research on school travel patterns. Crowthorne. = United Kingdom Transport & Road Research Laboratory, Supplementary Report 460.

Romero, V. (2015): Children’s experiences: Enjoyment and fun as additional encouragement for walking to school. In: Journal of Transport and Health 2, 2, 230-237. doi: 10.1016/j. jth.2015.01.00210.1016/j.jth.2015.01.002

Ross, N. J. (2007): ‘My journey to school ...’: Foregrounding the meaning of school journeys and children’s engagements and interactions in their everyday localities. In: Children’s Geographies 5, 4, 373-391. doi: 10.1080/1473328070163183310.1080/14733280701631833

Rothman, L.; Buliung, R.; Howard, A.; Macarthur, C.; Macpherson, A. (2017): The school environment and student car drop-off at elementary schools. In: Travel Behaviour and Society 9, 50-57. doi: 10.1016/j.tbs.2017.03.00110.1016/j.tbs.2017.03.001

Scheiner, J. (2016): School trips in Germany: Gendered escorting practices. In: Transportation Research Part A 94, 76-92. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2016.09.008

Scheiner, J. (2018): Why is there change in travel behaviour? In search of a theoretical framework for mobility biographies. In: Erdkunde 72, 1, 41-62. doi: 10.3112/erdkunde.2018.01.0310.3112/erdkunde.2018.01.03

Scheiner, J.; Holz-Rau, C. (2017): Women’s complex daily lives: a gendered look at trip chaining and activity pattern entropy in Germany. In: Transportation 44, 1, 117-138. doi: 10.1007/s11116-015-9627-910.1007/s11116-015-9627-9

Scheiner, J.; Huber, O.; Lohmüller, S. (2019): Children’s mode choice for trips to primary school: a case study in German suburbia. In: Travel Behavior and Society 15, 15-27. doi: 10.1016/j. tbs.2018.09.00610.1016/j.tbs.2018.09.006

Schienkiewitz, A.; Brettschneider, A.-K.; Damerow, S.; Schaffrath Rosario, A. (2018): Übergewicht und Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter in Deutschland – Querschnittergebnisse aus KiGGS Welle 2 und Trends. In: Journal of Health Monitoring 3, 1, 16-22. doi: 10.17886/RKI-GBE-2018-005.2

Schier, M. (2016): Everyday practices of living in multiple places and mobilities: transnational, transregional, and intra-communal multi-local families. In: Kilkey, M.; Palenga-Möllenbeck, E. (Hrsg.): Family Life in an Age of Migration and Mobility: Global Perspectives through the Life Course. London, 43-69. doi: 10.1057/978-1-137-52099-9

Sharmin, S.; Kamruzzaman, M. (2017): Association between the built environment and children’s independent mobility: A metaanalytic review. In: Journal of Transport Geography 61, 104-117. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.04.00410.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.04.004

Shaw, B.; Watson, B.; Frauendienst, B.; Redecker, A.; Jones, T.; Hillman, M. (2013): Children’s Independent Mobility: A Comparative Study in England and Germany (1971-2010). London.

Smith, L.; Norgate, S.H.; Cherrett, T.; Davies, N.; Winstanley, C.; Harding, M. (2015): Walking school buses as a form of active transportation for children – A review of the evidence. In: Journal of School Health 85, 3, 197-210. doi: 10.1111/josh.1223910.1111/josh.12239

Stark, J.; Beyer Bartana, I.; Fritz, A.; Unbehaun, W.; Hössinger, R. (2018): The influence of external factors on children’s travel mode: A comparison of school trips and non-school trips. In: Journal of Transport Geography 68, 55-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.02.01210.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.02.012

Statistisches Bundesamt (2018): Kinderunfälle im Straßenverkehr 2017. Wiesbaden.

Stone, M.; Larsen, K.; Faulkner, G.E.J.; Buliung, R.N.; Arbour-Nicitopoulos, K.P.; Lay, J. (2014): Predictors of driving among families living within 2 km from school: Exploring the role of the built environment. In: Transport Policy 33, 8-16. doi: 10.1016/j. tranpol.2014.02.00110.1016/j.tranpol.2014.02.001

Susilo, Y.O.; Liu, C. (2016): The influence of parents’ travel patterns, perceptions and residential self-selectivity to their children travel mode shares. In: Transportation 43, 2, 357-378. doi: 10.1007/s11116-015-9579-010.1007/s11116-015-9579-0

Ta, N.; Kwan, M.-P.; Chai, Y.; Liu, Z. (2016): Gendered Space-Time Constraints, Activity Participation and Household Structure: A Case Study Using A GPS-Based Activity Survey in Suburban Beijing, China. In: Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 107, 5, 505-521. doi: 10.1111/tesg.1216710.1111/tesg.12167

The National Center for Safe Routes to School (2016): Trends in Walking and Bicycling to School from 2007 to 2014. Chapel Hill, NC.

van Goeverden, C.D.; de Boer, E. (2013): School travel behaviour in the Netherlands and Flanders. In: Transport Policy 26, 73-84. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2013.01.00410.1016/j.tranpol.2013.01.004

Vollmuth, H. (2017): Die Elterntaxis. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung vom 30. September 2017. https://www.sueddeutsche.de/panorama/autochaos-vor-dem-schulgebaeude-die-elterntaxis-1.3689586 (06.05.2019).

Waygood, E. O. D.; Susilo, Y. O. (2015): Walking to school in Scotland: Do perceptions of neighbourhood quality matter? In: IATSS Research 38, 2, 125-129. doi: 10.1016/j.iatssr.2014.12.00210.1016/j.iatssr.2014.12.002

Waygood, E. O. D.; Friman, M.; Olsson, L. E.; Taniguchi, A. (2017): Transport and child well-being: An integrative review. In: Travel Behaviour and Society 9, 32-49. doi: 10.1016/j.tbs.2017.04.00510.1016/j.tbs.2017.04.005

Waygood, O.; Friman, M. (2015): Children’s travel and incidental community connections. In: Travel Behaviour and Society 2, 3, 174-181. doi: 10.1016/j.tbs.2015.03.00310.1016/j.tbs.2015.03.003

Wilson, E. J.; Marshall, J.; Wilson, R.; Krizek, K. J. (2010): By foot, bus or car: children’s school travel and school choice policy. In: Environment and Planning A 42, 9, 2168-2185. doi: 10.1068/a43510.1068/a435

Yoon, S. Y.; Doudnikoff, M.; Goulias, K. G. (2011): Spatial Analysis of the Propensity to Escort Children to School in Southern California. In: Transportation Research Record 2230, 1, 132-142. doi: 10.3141/2230-1510.3141/2230-15

Zhang, R.; Yao, E.; Liu, Z. (2017): School travel mode choice in Beijing, China. In: Journal of Transport Geography 62, 98-110. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.06.00110.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.06.001